November 16......

November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 45 days remaining in the year on this date.

EVENTS

● 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published.

● 1380 - French King Charles VI declares no taxes forever. Never trust a politician.

● 1384 - Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, although she is a woman.

● 1532 - Francisco Pizarro seizes Incan emperor Atahualpa after victory at Cajamarca.

● 1621 - The Papal Chancery first adopted January 1st as the beginning of the calendar year. Previously, March was the first month, which explains why our modern names for the 9th-12th months begin instead with prefixes meaning "7" (sept), "8" (oct) "9" (nov) and "10" (dec).

● 1632 - The Battle of Lützen, where king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is killed.

● 1747 - Knowles Riot in Boston, hundreds of sailors, laborers, and free blacks rise up against British Navy Press Gangs, temporarily ending imprisonment.

● 1758 - Birth Peter Heiberg, Danish poet, playwright, and militant spokesman for the radical political ideas generated by the French Revolution, Vordingborg.

● 1776 - American Revolutionary War: Hessian mercenaries (working for the British) capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.

● 1776 - American Revolution: The United Provinces (Low Countries) recognize the independence of the United States, the first country in the world to do so. [This is a controversial statement, because other sources say that the Kingdom of Morocco was the first to extend diplomatic recognition to the new United States.]

● 1805 - Birth of Thomas Burrows, founder of free public schools.

● 1811 - Mississippi River flows backwards (due to earthquake).

● 1821 - American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.

● 1849 - A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group (socialist activities); his execution is canceled at the last minute and commuted to four years hard labor in Siberia.

● 1857 - Second relief of Lucknow. The most Victoria Crosses won in a single day (24).

● 1861 - Birth of Arvid Jernefelt. Finnish writer, pacifist, lawyer, and farmer, influenced by anarchist Leo Tolstoy's Christian thinking and philosophy.

● 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station near Knoxville, Tennessee. Confederate troops unsuccessfully attack Union forces.

● 1864 - Union Gen. William T. Sherman and his troops began their ''March to the Sea'' during the Civil War.

● 1885 - Canadian rebel leader of the Métis and "Father of Manitoba", Louis Riel is executed for high treason at Assiniboia, Canada.

● 1890 - Birth of George Seldes. Author, Correspondent, media watchdog, the I.F. Stone of his day.

● 1894 - Death of James McCosh, 83, Scottish_born theologian and educator. President of Princeton from 1868-88, McCosh was one of the first orthodox clergymen in America to accept and defend the theory of evolution.

● 1895 - Premier issue of French weekly newspaper "Le libertaire," founded by the anarchists Sebastien Faure and Louise Michel. Faure continued the paper until forced to shut it down because of World War One. After the war he revived it from 1919 until 1939.

● 1896 - First transmission of electricity between a power plant and a city was sent from the Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant to industries in Buffalo, New York.

● 1904 - John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube.

● 1906 - Opera star Enrico Caruso is charged with an indecent act after allegedly pinching a woman's bottom in the monkey house of New York's Central Park Zoo.

● 1907 - Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory are combined to become Oklahoma and are admitted as the 46th U.S. state.

● 1907 - Oklahoma Territory consolidated with Indian Territory, ending experiment of a separate Indian section under tribal government within U.S. borders. Oklahoma was first set aside as Indian Territory in 1834. By 1880, dozens of tribes, forced into relocation by European immigration and the U.S. government, had moved to the territory. In 1890, the region was divided into Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory, and 17 years later was reunited as the new state, with every acre of the territory once promised to Native Americans in perpetuity firmly under U.S. control.

● 1907 - Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania sister ship of RMS Lusitania, sets sail on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England to New York City.

● 1907 - First fare meter installed in a taxicab, necessitating the invention, the following day, of the airport, and, the following day, of a 225-mile shortcut discovered by a New York City driver.

● 1914 - The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens.

● 1915 - Coca-Cola had its prototype for a countoured bottle patented. The bottle made its commercial debut the next year.

● 1916 - Margaret Sanger arrested again for her birth control clinic, Brownsville, New York.

● 1917 - Emma Goldman speaks at New York's Hunt's Point Palace on "The Russian Revolution - Its Promise and Fulfillment" before 2,000 people; describes it as a "most inspiring event."

● 1918 - Hungarian People's Republic declared.

● 1918 - In NY City, the United Lutheran Church was organized by a merger of three general Lutheran bodies in the U.S. and Canada. (In 1962, the ULC became one of the branches of Lutheranism which formed the Lutheran Church in America.)

● 1920 - Qantas, the national airline of Australia is registered as an aerial carrier under the name of “Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited”. Only KLM (now part of Air France-KLM) is older.

● 1925 - American Association for the Advancement of Atheism formed in New York.

● 1928 - Obscenity trial begins for Radclyffe Hall's novel "Well of Loneliness." Britain banned it for its treatment of lesbianism. A U.S. court in 1929 ruled similarly, for its sympathetic portrait of homosexuality, and because it "pleads for tolerance on the part of society."

● 1930 - Birth of Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer whose "Things Fall Apart" (1959) was a breakthrough novel describing the impacts of colonialism upon traditional African societies.

● 1933 - The United States and the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations. President Roosevelt sent a telegram to Soviet leader Maxim Litvinov, expressing hope that United States-Soviet relations would “forever remain normal and friendly.''

● 1940 - World War II: In response to Germany's leveling of Coventry, England two days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg.

● 1940 - Holocaust: In occupied Poland, German Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.

● 1940 - New York City's Mad Bomber places his first bomb at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.

● 1942 - Deportation of German Gypsies to Treblinka begins.

● 1943 - World War II: American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vermork, Norway.

● 1945 - Cold War: The United States Army secretly admits 88 German scientists & engineers to help in the production of rocket technology.

● 1946 - The Evangelical United Brethren Church was constituted at Johnstown, PA by a merger of the United Brethren in Christ and the Evangelical Church. The new denomination originated in the work of two German Reformed pastors, Philip W. Otterbein and Martin Boehm, who had ministered among Pennsylvania Germans two centuries earlier.

● 1952 - "Our Goodly Heritage" debuted over CBS television. This Sunday morning Bible study program, hosted by William Rush Baer of New York University, aired a little over five years.

● 1952 - In the Peanuts comic strip, Lucy first held a football for Charlie Brown.

● 1952 - Roman Delgado dies. Spanish-Mexican anarchist, who emigrated to America at 16 and joined a Magoniste group in San Antonio, Texas. Denounced by the police, he went to Tampico, Mexico. Imprisoned in 1916 for participating in a strike, Delgado went to New York when he was expelled from the country, but returned and was active with anarchist groups in Mexico City until his death.

● 1953 - Gigi Damiani dies, Rome. Damiani emigrated to Brazil, and directed numerous anarchist publications. While an editor in Italy, he came under attack by fascists, and was forced into exile in Tunisia. He was active there with Giuseppe Pasotti, returning to Rome in 1946 where he again published until his death.

● 1956 - Lt. General John "Iron Mike" O'Daniel, WWII Army Commander, warns Senate Internal Security Subcommittee that Communist-led uprising may be imminent in Hawaii.

● 1957 - Jim Brown (Cleveland Browns) set an NFL season rushing record of 1163 yards after only eight games.

● 1957 - Serial killer Edward Gein murders his last victim, Bernice Worden.

● 1959 - The Broadway musical, The Sound of Music, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel opens at the Lunt-Fontanne Theater.

● 1960- TV star famed for rudeness dies
The TV personality with a reputation for outspokenness, Gilbert Harding, dies as he leaves the BBC's Broadcasting House in London.

● 1965 - Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.

● 1966 - Dr. Samuel H. Sheppard was acquitted in his second trial on charges of murdering his pregnant wife, Marilyn, in 1954. This establishes defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey as one the top defense lawyers in the country.

● 1969 - The U.S. Army announced that several had been charged with massacre and the subsequent cover-up in the My Lai massacre in Vietnam on March 16, 1968.

● 1969 - Nixon White House Communications Director Herbert Klein says he opposes government intervention in coverage of the news, but "this would be invited" by failure of TV networks to regulate themselves.

● 1972 - Baton Rouge, Louisiana police kill two black student protesters at Southern University. Killed by buckshot as police clearing demonstrators from administration building.

● 1972 - West Germany government agrees to provide compensation to Polish victims of Nazi medical experiments.

● 1973 - Pres. Nixon signs bill to build Alaska pipeline. The bill narrowly passed Congress only after a provision was added specifying that the resulting oil could only be sold in the United States -- a restriction quietly lifted by executive order by Bill Clinton in 1996.

● 1973 - Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 3 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.

● 1974 - First intentional interstellar radio message sent in 23 languages - "EAT SHIT AND DIE!"

● 1976 - Bank robbers jailed for 100 years; Seven men who took part in an 8 million pound bank robbery receive jail terms totaling nearly 100 years.

● 1977 - Close Encounters of the Third Kind opens in theaters.

● 1979 - The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semanatoarea in Bucharest, Romania.

● 1979 - Blunt revealed as 'fourth man'; Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher names Sir Anthony Blunt, a former security service officer, as the "fourth man" in the Philby affair.

● 1980 - Hundreds arrested at Women's Pentagon Action, protest of patriarchy and its war making.

● 1981 - A vaccine for hepatitis B was approved. The vaccine had been developed at Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research.

● 1981 - Luke and Laura marry on the U.S. soap opera General Hospital; it is the highest-rated hour in daytime television history.

● 1982 - An agreement was announced in the 57th day of a strike by National Football League players.

● 1982 - Alternative service for conscientious objectors increased from 15 to 20 months, West Germany.

● 1983 - Federal District Court Judge Jack Tanner orders Washington State to pay female employees their "comparable worth."

● 1983 - England fans rampage in Luxembourg; More than 20 English football supporters are arrested in Luxembourg after a night of violence.

● 1986 - Great Peace March, begun in California in March, arrives in Washington D.C.

● 1988 - Palestine National Council declares Palestinian government in exile; over 100 nations offer recognition.

● 1988 - The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declares that the Estonia was "sovereign" but stopped short of declaring independence.

● 1988 - In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.

● 1989 - Six Jesuit priests, their housekeeper and her daughter are brutally murdered by U.S.-supported death squads in El Salvador.

● 1992 - After 18 years of evading the occupying Indonesian military, East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmao is captured. Gusmao heads Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor and founded the National Council of Maubere Resistance. Joined the guerrilla movement shortly after the U.S.-assisted 1975 Indonesian invasion of the island. Over the following 24 years, about one-third of the country's population was killed, and half fled destroyed villages, before international pressure finally led to its freedom in 1999.

● 1994 - Major League Soccer announced that it would start its inaugural season in 1996.

● 1995 - Attorney General Janet Reno disclosed she had Parkinson's disease.

● 1995 - Queen mum hip op 'successful'; The Queen Mother has had her right hip replaced in an operation in London.

● 1995 - Ten protesters arrested at School of the Americas, Fort Benning, Georgia.

● 1996 - Mother Teresa receives honorary US citizenship.

● 1996 - The $127.5 million Jumbotron at Buffalo's HSBC Arena falls to the ice hours before a hockey game; no one is injured.

● 1997 - After nearly 18 years of incarceration, the People's Republic of China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons. He travels to the United States for treatment.

● 1997 - After a silent, half-mile long "funeral procession" attempts to enter the base, 601 are arrested at School of the Americas.

● 1998 - In Burlington, Wisconsin, five high school students, aged 15 to 16, were arrested in an alleged plot to kill a carefully selected group of teachers and students.

● 1998 - It was announced that Monica Lewinsky had signed a deal for the North American rights to a book about her affair with U.S. President Clinton.

● 1998 - The U.S. Supreme Court said that union members could file discrimination lawsuits against employers even when labor contracts require arbitration.

● 1999 - Johnny Depp received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

● 1999 - Chrica Adams, the pregnant girlfriend of Rae Carruth, was shot four times in her car. She died a month later from her wounds. The baby survived. Carruth was sentenced to a minimum of 18 years and 11 months in prison for his role in the murder.

● 2000 - Bill Clinton becomes the first serving U.S. President to visit Communist Vietnam.

● 2001 - The movie Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States) released in theatres in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada.

● 2001 - Congress passed an aviation security bill mandating that airport screeners be federal employees.

● 2001 - Investigators found a letter addressed to Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-VT, containing anthrax.

● 2004 - A NASA unmanned X-43A scramjet becomes the fastest air-breathing jet flying at nearly Mach 10 at approx. 11,200 km/h or 3.11 km/s above the Pacific Ocean.

● 2004 - President George W. Bush picked National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice to be his new secretary of state, succeeding Colin Powell, thus rewarding loyalty over incompetence.

● 2004 - Al-Jazeera TV said it had received a video showing a hooded militant shooting a blindfolded woman in the head; it's believed the woman was kidnapped aid worker Margaret Hassan.

BIRTHS

● 42 BC - Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37)

● 1603 - Augustyn Kordecki, Polish prior (d. 1673)

● 1717 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician(d. 1793)

● 1720 - Carlo Antonio Campioni, Italian composer (d. 1788)

● 1766 - Rodolphe Kreutzer, French violinist (d. 1831)

● 1827 - Charles Eliot Norton, American scholar (d. 1908)

● 1836 - David Kalakaua of Hawaii, Hawaiian king (d. 1891)

● 1841 - Jules Violle, French physicist (d. 1923)

● 1862 - Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944)

● 1873 - W. C. Handy, American composer known as the "father of the blues" (d. 1958)

● 1880 - Alexander Blok, Russian poet (d. 1921)

● 1885 - Michael Gonzi, Maltese archbishop (d. 1984)

● 1886 - Arthur B. Krock, American political journalist (d. 1974)

● 1889 - George S. Kaufman, American playwright (d. 1961)

● 1892 - Guo Moruo, Chinese writer (d. 1978)

● 1895 - Paul Hindemith, German composer (d. 1963)

● 1896 - Sir Oswald Mosley, British fascist leader (d. 1980)

● 1896 - Lawrence Tibbett, American actor and singer (d. 1960)

● 1897 - Choudhary Rehmat Ali, Pakistani nationalist (d. 1951)

● 1905 - Eddie Condon, American musician (d. 1973)

● 1907 - Burgess Meredith, American actor (d. 1997)

● 1916 - Daws Butler, voice actor (d. 1988)

● 1922 - Gene Amdahl, American computer scientist

● 1922 - José Saramago, Portuguese writer, Nobel laureate

● 1924 - Mel Patton, American athlete

● 1928 - Clu Gulager, American actor

● 1930 - Chinua Achebe, Nigerian author

● 1930 - Salvatore Riina Sicilian mafioso

● 1931 – Hubert Sumlin, Blues musician

● 1935 – Elizabeth Drew, Journalist

● 1938 - Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)

● 1939 - W. C. Clark, Blues musician

● 1942 - Willie Carson, Scottish jockey

● 1943 - Michael Cimino, American film director

● 1945 - Steve Railsback, Actor (“The Barney Miller Show”)

● 1946 - Terrence McKenna, American writer

● 1950 - David Leisure, Actor

● 1952 - Robin McKinley, writer

● 1952 - Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese video game designer

● 1954 - Bruce Edwards, golf caddy (d. 2004)

● 1958 - Marg Helgenberger, American actress ("CSI")

● 1961 - Frank Bruno, British boxer

● 1962 - Josh Silver, American musician (Type O Negative)

● 1962 - Mani, Rock musician

● 1963 - Keith Burns, Country musician (Trick Pony)

● 1964 - Harry Lennix, Actor

● 1964 - Dwight Gooden, American athlete and drug addict

● 1964 - Diana Krall, Canadian Jazz singer

● 1964 - Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Italian actress

● 1967 - Lisa Bonet, American actress (''The Cosby Show'')

● 1967 - Craig Arnold, American poet

● 1968 - Tammy Lauren, Actress

● 1969 - Bryan Abrams, R&B singer (Color Me Badd)

● 1970 - Martha Plimpton, American actress

● 1971 - Alexander Popov, Russian swimmer

● 1971 - Waqar Younis, Pakistani cricketer

● 1973 - Brendan Laney, Scottish rugby player

● 1974 - Paul Scholes, British footballer

● 1976 - Danny Wallace, British author

● 1977 - Oksana Baiul, Ukrainian figure skater

● 1977 - Maggie Gyllenhaal, American actor

● 1977 - Mauricio Ochmann, Mexican actor

● 1978 - Gary Naysmith, Scottish footballer

● 1979 - Trevor Penick, Pop singer (O Town)

● 1980 - Osi Umenyiora, Football player

● 1980 - Kayte Christensen, American basketball player

● 1981 - Allison Crowe, Canadian singer

● 1981 - Caitlin Glass, American actor

● 1982 - Amare Stoudemire, American basketball player

● 1984 - Kimberly J. Brown, American actor

● 1996 - Noah Gray-Cabey, Actor (''My Wife and Kids'')

DEATHS

● 1093 - Saint Margaret of Scotland, wife of Malcolm III of Scotland

● 1240 - Edmund Rich, St. Edmund of Canterbury

● 1272 - King Henry III of England (b. 1207)

● 1328 - Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (b. 1276)

● 1613 - Trajano Boccalini, Italian satirist (b. 1556)

● 1628 - Paolo Quagliati, Italian composer

● 1632 - King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (killed in battle) (b. 1594)

● 1695 - Pierre Nicole, French philosopher (b. 1625)

● 1724 - Jack Sheppard, English burglar (hanged) (b. 1702)

● 1745 - James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman and soldier (b. 1665)

● 1773 - John Hawkesworth, English writer

● 1779 - Pehr Kalm, Finnish explorer and naturalist (b. 1716)

● 1790 - Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)

● 1797 - Frederick William II of Prussia (b. 1744)

● 1802 - André Michaux, French botanist (b. 1746)

● 1806 - Moses Cleaveland, founder of Cleveland, Ohio (b. 1754)

● 1836 - Christian Hendrik Persoon, Dutch mycologist (b. 1761)

● 1884 - František Chvostek, Moravian physician (b. 1835)

● 1885 - Louis Riel, Canadian politician (b. 1844)

● 1907 - Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (b. 1848)

● 1911 - Albert Alonzo Ames, Mayor of Minneapolis (b. 1842)

● 1922 - Max Abraham, German physicist (b. 1875)

● 1939 - Pierce Butler, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1866)

● 1960 - Clark Gable, American actor (b. 1901)

● 1960 - Gilbert Harding,TV star famed for rudeness dies and a reputation for outspokenness, dies as he leaves the BBC's Broadcasting House in London.

● 1961 - Sam Rayburn (D-Texas), U.S. Speaker of the House (b. 1882)

● 1973 - Alan Watts, English writer (b. 1915)

● 1981 - William Holden, American actor (b. 1918)

● 1982 - Arthur Askey, British comedian (b. 1900)

● 1982 - Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov, Russian mathematician (b. 1896)

● 1984 - Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906)

● 1993 - Achille Zavatta, French clown (b. 1915)

● 1994 - Doris Speed, British actress (b. 1899)

● 1994 - Dino Valente, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service) (b. 1943)

● 1995 - Jack Finney, American author (b. 1911)

● 1999 - Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1928)

● 2000 - DJ Screw, American hiphop DJ (b. 1971)

● 2003 - Bettina Goislard, French relief worker (b. 1974)

● 2005 - Henry Taube, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)

● 2005 - Robert Tisch, American football team owner (b. 1926)

● 2005 - Donald Watson, founder of the Vegan Society (b. 1910)

HOLIDAYS AND OBSERVANCES

● Roman Catholic Saints:
● St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland (also Anglican)
● St. Gertrude the Great, virgin, patroness of West Indies
● St. Gratia
● Bl. Gratia
● St. Agnes of Assisi
● St. Othmar
● St. Afan
● St. Africus
● St. Agnes of Assisi
● St. Alfrick
● St. Elpidius
● St. Fidentius
● St. Gobrain
● St. Joseph Moscati
● St. Rufinus

● Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar
● October 31 (Civil Date: November 16)
● St. Matthew
● St. Paul of the Cross
● Apostles Stachys, Amplias, Urban, Narcissus, Apelles and Aristobulus of the Seventy.
● Martyr Epimachus of Alexandria.
● Saints Spyridon and Nicodemus the prosphora bakers of the Kiev Caves.
● St. Maura of Constantinople.
● St. Anatolius, recluse of the Kiev Caves.
● New Martyr Nicholas of Chios.

● Greek Calendar:
● Martyrs Stephen, Barnabas, Trophimus, Dorymedon, Cosmas, Damian, Sabbas, Bassa, Abraham, and others with them.
● Martyr Gordian.
● Martyr Epimachus the Roman.
● Martyrs Seleucius and Stratonica his wife, myrrh gushers.

● International Day for Tolerance

● Finland - Svenska dagen / Ruotsalaisuuden päivä (Day of the Swedish Identity)

● Iceland - Dagur íslenskrar tungu (Icelandic Language Day)

● Thailand - Loy Krathong festival (2005)

● USA - admission of Oklahoma, 46th state, 1907

● These Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
● US : National Children's Book Week Begins ( Monday )
● West Germany : Repantance Day( Wednesday )

OTHER

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Click on this LINK to see original Wikipedia list with many having links with details.

Additional facts taken from:

On this day in the New York Times

The BBC’s Take on the day

On This Day Website

Geov Parrish's this Day in Radical History, things that happened on this day that you never had to memorize in school.

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