April 27......

April 27 is the 117th (118th in leap years) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 248 days remaining in the year on this date.

Best Liberal Quote of the Day: On Democracy "We cannot use a double standard for measuring our own and other people's policies. Our demands for democratic practices in other lands will be no more effective than the guarantees of those practiced in our own country." — Hubert H. Humphrey, The Happy Warrior

Stupidest Quote from the Right for the Day: On Inanity "I've got a record, a record that is conservative and a record that is compassionated." — George W. Bush

{Disclaimer: I have attempted to give credit to the many different sources that I get entries. Any failure to do so is unintentional. Any statement enclosed by brackets like these are the opinion of the blogger, A Proud Liberal.}

EVENTS

● 4977 -BC- Johannes Kepler's date for creation of universe

● 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland.

● 1174 - Marie of Champagne issues a "responsum" to the inquiry "Can real love exist between married people?" The answer was "No."

● 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.

● 1509 - Pope Julius II places the Italian state of Venice under interdict.

● 1518 - Treaty of St Truiden anti-French Trapdoors/Bourgondisch covenant

● 1521 - Battle of Mactan: Explorer Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines led by chief Lapu-Lapu.

● 1522 - Battle at Bicacca Charles I & Pope Adrianus VI beat France

● 1526 - Mogol King Babur beats sultan of Delhi

● 1537 - Geneva's first Protestant catechism was published. Based on Calvin's "Institutes," it was compiled by John Calvin, 27, and/or by fellow French reformer, Guillaume Farel, 48.

● 1565 - Cebu is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.

● 1576 - Peace of Beaulieu & Paix de Monsieur

● 1646 - King Charles I flees Oxford

● 1650 - The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from Orkney Island but is defeated by a Covenanter army.

● 1662 - Netherlands & France sign military covenant

● 1667 - The blind, impoverished English poet John Milton, 58, sold the copyright to his religious epic "Paradise Lost" for ten English pounds (less than $30).

● 1694 - Frederik August I "the Strong" becomes monarch of Saksen

● 1746 - Battle at Culloden Moor Duke of Cumberland beats "James VIII & III"

● 1759 - Birth of Mary Wollstonecraft, England. Wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

● 1773 - The British Parliament passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on the North American tea trade. (The next December 16, The Boston Tea Party occurs.)

● 1775 - Death of Moravian missionary Peter Bohler, 63. Commissioned by Count Zinzendorf in 1737, Bohler encountered the as-yet-unsaved John Wesley, no doubt imprinting within him the later Methodist characteristics of crisis conversion, joyful assurance of God's acceptance and a Christian lifestyle of self- surrendering faith.

● 1805 - First Barbary War: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "shores of Tripoli" part of the Marines' hymn).

● 1813 - The U.S. burns Toronto to the ground in an unsuccessful attempt to gain control of Lake Ontario.

● 1813 - War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Ontario, York. The Americans were led by General Pike; Pike is killed. (present day Toronto, Ontario).

● 1822 - Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States and commander of the Union armies during the American Civil War, was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio.

● 1825 - First strike for 10-hour day by Boston carpenters.

● 1827 - The Petrel, Australian Coal carrying ship sinks in stormy seas, off Hope Bay, Tasmania.

● 1832 - The American Baptist Home Mission Society was formed in New York City. During its first 15 years, $1.66 million in contributions were raised, 14,426 churches were organized and 1,116 missionaries were sent out.

● 1838 - Fire destroys half of Charleston

● 1840 - Foundation stone for new Palace of Westminster, London, laid by wife of Sir Charles Barry.

● 1857 - Establishment of Jewish congregations in Lower Austria prohibited

● 1859 - "Pomona" sinks in North Atlantic drowning all 400 aboard

● 1860 - Thomas J Jackson is assigned to command Harpers Ferry

● 1861 - West Virginia secedes from Virginia after Virginia secedes from US

● 1861 - Pres. Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus due to the Civil War. Thousands are jailed for the duration of the conflict without charges.

● 1863 - The Army of the Potomac began marching on Chancellorsville.

● 1863 - Battle of Streight's raid Tuscumbia to Cedar Bluff AL

● 1865 - The New York State Senate creates Cornell University as the state's land grant institution.

● 1865 - The worst ship disaster in American history occurred when the overloaded river steamer Sultana, equipped with tubular boilers ill-suited for use in the muddy waters of the lower Mississippi, blew up and sank near Memphis, Tenn. Over 2,300 perished, many of them emaciated Union soldiers returning north after being released from a Confederate prison camp.

● 1870 - Heinrich Schliemann discovers Troi

● 1874 - White League, Paramilitary white supremacist organization, forms

● 1877 - President Rutherford Hayes removes Federal troops from Louisiana, Reconstruction ends

● 1880 - Francis Clarke and M.G. Foster patented the electrical hearing aid.

● 1881 - Pogroms against Russian Jews start in Elisabethgrad

● 1882 - Ralph Waldo Emerson dies in Concord, Massachusetts. Buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery beside Thoreau and Hawthorne.

● 1890 - French troops under Captain Archinard occupy Oussébougou West Sudan

● 1897 - Grant's Tomb (famed of song & legend) dedicated

● 1904 - The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.

● 1909 - Sultan of Turkey Abdul Hamid II is overthrown, and is succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.

● 1910 - Belgian parliament rejects socialist motion for general voting rights

● 1911 - Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, a compromise is reached to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the United States Senate.

● 1912 - Relief laws replaces those of 1854, in Netherlands

● 1914 - Honduras becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.

● 1915 - International Congress of Women founded in The Hague, Netherlands.

● 1920 - Pogrom leader Petljoera declares Ukraine Independence

● 1921 - Hadjememaar, [Corn de Gelder] elected in Amsterdam

● 1922 - Yakut ASSR formed in Russian SFSR

● 1923 - Mussolini government Italian place in South Tirol/Alto Adige

● 1927 - Birth of activist Coretta Scott King.

● 1931 - 100º F (38º C), Pahala HI (state record)

● 1933 - Karl Jansky reports reception of cosmic radio signal in Washington DC

● 1936 - The United Auto Workers (UAW) gains autonomy from the American Federation of Labor.

● 1937 - Death of Italian philosopher/communist Antonio Gramsci.

● 1937 - US Social Security system makes its 1st benefit payment

● 1940 - Himmler orders establishment of Auschwitz Concentration Camp

● 1941 - World War II: German troops enter Athens.

● 1942 - Sixteen pacifists, including A.J. Muste and Evan Thomas, refuse to register for the draft.

● 1942 - Tornado destroys Pryor Oklahoma killing 100, injuring 300

● 1942 - Belgium Jews are forced to wear stars

● 1943 - Lou Jansen & Jan Dieters arrested, lead illegal CPN party in Holland

● 1943 - Soviet Union breaks contact with Polish government exiled in London

● 1945 - Three anarchist editors jailed nine months for "incitement to disaffection," London.

● 1945 - 2nd Republic of Austria forms

● 1945 - Italian partisans capture Mussolini prisoner

● 1945 - US 5th army enters Genua

● 1945 - World War II: Last German troops are expelled from Finnish Lapland (the last day of World War II going on in Finland). The day is the national war veteran day in Finland.

● 1945 - World War II: The Völkischer Beobachter, the newspaper of the Nazi Party, ceases publication.

● 1946 - The SS African Star was placed in service. It was the first commercial ship to be equipped with radar.

● 1948 - Arab legion attacks Gesher bridge on Jordan River

● 1950 - The modern state of Israel was officially recognized by the British government.

● 1950 - Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed formally segregating races.

● 1951 - Mohammed Mossadeq chosen premier of Persia

● 1953 - 1st general elections in British Guyana, won by Jagans PPP

● 1953 - The U.S. offered $50,000 and political asylum to any Communist pilot that delivered a MIG jet.

● 1953 - Five people were killed and 60 injured when Mt. Aso erupted on the island of Kyushu.

● 1956 - Burma Premier U Nu's Volksliga voor Vrijheid loses election

● 1959 - Liu Sjau-chi elected President of People's Rebublic of China

● 1959 - The last Canadian missionary leaves the People's Republic of China.

● 1960 - 1st atomic powered electric-drive submarine launched (Tullibee)

● 1960 - Student protests in the wake of rigged elections force the resignation of South Korean President Syngman Rhee.

● 1960 - Togo gains independence from French-administered UN trusteeship.

● 1961 - Sierra Leone is granted its independence from the United Kingdom, with Milton Margai as the first Prime Minister.

● 1961 - NASA launches Explorer 11 into Earth orbit to study gamma rays

● 1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island

● 1963 - "Jopie" Pengel forms government in Suriname

● 1963 - Cuban premier Fidel Castro arrives in Moscow

● 1965 - RC Duncan patents "Pampers" disposable diaper

● 1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site

● 1968 - Congress of Political Party Radicals (PPR) forms in Netherlands

● 1968 - Sixty thousand march against Vietnam War in New York City; 2,000 march in Seattle.

● 1971 - Protest disrupts Welsh language trial; Police in Wales remove demonstrators from the entrance of a courtroom after they disrupted proceedings inside.

● 1972 - Apollo 16 returns to Earth after exploring surface of the moon.

● 1972 - NYC Mayor John Lindsay appeals that John Lennon not be deported

● 1972 - Constructive Vote of No Confidence against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances.

● 1974 - A four-hour long battle with police occurs after the Cherry Blossom Music Festival in Richmond, Virginia.

● 1974 - Pan Am 707 crashes into mountains of Bali, killing 107

● 1974 - 10,000 march in Washington, D.C., calling for impeachment of US President Nixon

● 1975 - Saigon was encircled by North Vietnamese troops.

● 1975 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk USSR

● 1976 - Arabic Monetary Fund established in Abu Dhabi

● 1977 - Soweto protest starts demonstration against South African educational system.

● 1977 - 28 people are killed in the Guatemala City air disaster.

● 1978 - Accident at nuclear reactor Willow Island, Charleston WV, kills 51

● 1978 - Former Nixon aide John D. Ehrlichman was released from prison after serving 18 months for Watergate-related crimes.

● 1978 - Afghánistán revolution (National Day), pro-Russian military coup

● 1979 - Zuni tribe files suit against U.S. government for New Mexico lands taken or damaged between 1846 and 1946.

● 1981 - Xerox PARC introduces the computer mouse.

● 1982 - Trial of John W Hinckley Jr, attempted assassin of President Ronald Reagan, begins

● 1984 - Over 70 inches of snow falls on Red Lake MT

● 1984 - In London, Libyan gunmen left the Libyan Embassy 11 days after killing a policewoman and wounding 10 others.

● 1987 - Central Intelligence Agency headquarters in Langley, Virginia blockaded by protesters of U.S. policies in Central America and Southern Africa. 700 arrested.

● 1987 - The Justice Department barred Austrian President Kurt Waldheim from entering the United States, saying he had aided in the deportation and execution of thousands of Jews and others as a German Army officer during World War II.

● 1989 - Beijing students take over Tiananmen Square in China

● 1989 - Mandatory seatbelt law goes into effect in Italy

● 1989 - Hurricane in Bangladesh, kills 500

● 1992 - Betty Boothroyd is new Speaker; The House of Commons elects a woman to the post of Speaker for the first time in its 700-year history.

● 1992 - The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is proclaimed comprising of Serbia and Montenegro.

● 1992 - Russia and 12 other former Soviet republics won entry into the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

● 1994 - In South Africa's first all-race elections, Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress are swept into office.

● 1994 - 29.0ºC in Genevad Sweden (Swedish April high temperature record)

● 1994 - President Richard Nixon buried in Nixon Library in California

● 1996 - 30,000 rally across Germany for an end to nuclear power.

● 1996 - Twenty-seven arrested at Watts Bar nuclear power plant, Spring City, Tenn.

● 1996 - The Israeli military operation in Lebanon, Operation Grapes of Wrath, ends after 16 days of heavy bombing.

● 1997 - Seventeen activists protesting continued funding of the School of the Americas are arrested for digging a mass grave on Pentagon grounds.

● 1998 - Over 10% of the workforce of Denmark--at least 500,000 people--go on strike in protest of proposed social service cutbacks.

● 1999 - Protests across U.S. to call attention to effects of economic sanctions against Iraq.

● 2001 - Former senator and presidential candidate Bob Kerrey admits he gave orders to execute 13 civilians at Thanh Phong, Vietnam, in 1968, and covered up the war crime for the following 33 years. Liberals rush to commiserate with his mental anguish and applaud his honesty and courage in coming forward, just ahead of a considerably less flattering news account of the incident.

● 2005 - The A380, the world's largest jetliner, completed its maiden flight. The passenger capability was 840.

● 2005 - Russian President Vladimir Putin became the first Kremlin leader to visit Israel.

● 2006 - Construction begins on the Freedom Tower for the new World Trade Center in New York City.

BIRTHS

● 1623 - Johann Adam Reinken, German organist (d. 1722)

● 1673 - Claude Gillot, French painter, engraver and theatrical designer (d. 1722)

● 1701 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (d. 1773)

● 1718 - Thomas Lewis, Irish-born Virginia settler (d. 1790)

● 1737 - Edward Gibbon, English historian (d. 1794)

● 1744 - Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer, philanthropist and social critic (d. 1818)

● 1755 - Marc-Antoine Parseval, French mathematician (d. 1836)

● 1759 - Mary Wollstonecraft, English author (d. 1797)

● 1791 - Samuel F. B. Morse, American inventor (d. 1872)

● 1806 - Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, queen of Spain (d. 1878)

● 1812 - Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (d. 1883)

● 1820 - Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (d. 1903)

● 1822 - Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (1869-77) (d. 1885)

● 1840 - Edward Whymper, English mountain climber (d. 1911)

● 1850 - Hans Hartwig von Beseler, German general (d. 1921)

● 1878 - Frank Alvin Gotch, American professional wrestler (d. 1917)

● 1888 - Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)

● 1891 - Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (d. 1953)

● 1893 - Dragoljub Mihailović, commandant of the Yugoslav Royal Army in the Fatherland (d. 1946)

● 1893 - Allen Sothoron, American baseball player (d. 1939)

● 1894 - Nicolas Slonimsky, Russian-born musicologist and composer (d.1995)

● 1896 - Rogers Hornsby, American baseball player (d. 1963)

● 1896 - Wallace Hume Carothers, American chemist; developed nylon (d. 1937)

● 1899 - Walter Lantz, American film animator; creator of "Woody Woodpecker" (d. 1994)

● 1904 - Cecil Day-Lewis, Irish poet and writer (d. 1972)

● 1906 - Yórgos Theotokás, Greek novelist (d. 1966)

● 1913 - Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)

● 1916 - Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002)

● 1918 - Sten Rudholm, Swedish jurist, member of the Swedish Academy

● 1920 - Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (d. 1956)

● 1920 - Edwin Morgan, Scottish poet

● 1920 - Mark Krasnosel'skii, Russian-Ukrainian mathematician (d. 1997)

● 1922 - Jack Klugman, American actor (TV's "The Odd Couple," "Quincy")

● 1927 - Coretta Scott King, American civil rights activist and wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. (d. 2006)

● 1927 - Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

● 1931 - Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist

● 1932 - Anouk Aimée, French actress

● 1932 - Pik Botha, South African politician

● 1932 - Casey Kasem, American disc jockey

● 1932 - Gian-Carlo Rota, Italian-born mathematician and philosopher (d. 1999)

● 1937 - Sandy Dennis, American actress (d. 1992)

● 1937 - Robin Eames, Northern Irish clergyman

● 1938 - Earl Anthony, American bowler (d. 2001)

● 1939 - Judy Carne, British actress and comedian

● 1939 - Stanislaw Dziwisz, Polish Cardinal

● 1941 - Judith Blegen, Opera singer

● 1941 - Lee Roy Jordan, American football player

● 1942 - Jim Keltner, American drummer

● 1944 - Cuba Gooding, Sr., American musician (The Main Ingredient)

● 1945 - August Wilson, American playwright (d. 2005)

● 1947 - Ann Peebles, American singer

● 1948 - Kate Pierson, American singer (The B-52's)

● 1949 - Douglas Sheehan, Actor

● 1949 - Herbie Murrell, R&B singer (The Stylistics)

● 1951 - Ace Frehley, American musician (Kiss)

● 1952 - George Gervin, American basketball player

● 1952 - Ari Vatanen, Finnish rally driver

● 1954 - Herm Edwards, Football coach

● 1957 - Eric Bristow, English darts player

● 1959 - Sheena Easton, Scottish singer

● 1962 - James Le Gros, Actor

● 1963 - Cali Timmins, Canadian actress

● 1965 - Rob Squires, Rock musician (Big Head Todd &the Monsters)

● 1967 - Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

● 1967 - Jason Whitlock, American sportswriter

● 1969 - Cory Booker, Mayor of Newark, New Jersey

● 1969 - Darcey Bussell, British ballerina

● 1969 - Mica Paris, British singer and presenter

● 1970 - Kylie Travis, English actress and model

● 1971 - Tess Daly, British television presenter

● 1974 - Johnny Devine, Canadian professional wrestler

● 1974 - Bear Grylls, American actor

● 1975 - Chris Carpenter, American baseball player

● 1976 - Isobel Campbell, Scottish singer and composer

● 1976 - Walter Pandiani, Uruguayan footballer

● 1977 - Khalid Zoubaa, French runner

● 1979 - Will Boyd, American musician

● 1979 - Travis Meeks, Rock musician (Days of the New)

● 1980 - Christian Lara, Ecuadorian footballer

● 1980 - Ananda Mikola, Indonesian racing driver

● 1980 - Marisa Miller, American model

● 1981 - Fabrizio Faniello, Maltese singer

● 1981 - Patrik Gerrbrand, Swedish footballer

● 1984 - Patrick Stump, American musician (Fall Out Boy)

● 1986 - Elena Risteska, Macedonian singer

● 1987 - William Moseley, British actor

● 1987 - Elliott Shriane, Australian speed skater

DEATHS

● 630 - King Ardashir III of Persia

● 1404 - Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1342)

● 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480)

● 1530 - Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)

● 1599 - Maeda Toshiie, Japanese general (b. 1538)

● 1605 - Pope Leo XI (b. 1535)

● 1613 - Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit (b. 1532)

● 1625 - Mori Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)

● 1656 - Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (b. 1596)

● 1694 - John George IV, Elector of Saxony (b. 1668)

● 1695 - John Trenchard, English statesman (b. 1640)

● 1702 - Jean Bart, French admiral (b. 1651)

● 1782 - William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (b. 1710)

● 1813 - Zebulon Pike, American frontiersman and explorer (b. 1779)

● 1873 - William Charles Macready, English actor (b. 1793)

● 1882 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist (b. 1803)

● 1915 - Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (b. 1872)

● 1921 - Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863)

● 1932 - Hart Crane, American writer (suicide) (b. 1899)

● 1936 - Karl Pearson, English statistician (b. 1857)

● 1941 - Penelope Delta, Greek author (b. 1874)

● 1952 - Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician (b. 1865)

● 1965 - Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (b. 1908)

● 1970 - Arthur Shields, Irish actor (b. 1896)

● 1972 - Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana (b. 1909)

● 1977 - Stanley Adams, American actor (b. 1915)

● 1988 - David Scarboro, British actor (b. 1968)

● 1992 - Olivier Messiaen, French composer (b. 1908)

● 1995 - Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch writer (b. 1921)

● 1996 - William Colby, American director of the Central Intelligence Agency (b. 1920)

● 1998 - Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-born writer (b. 1925)

● 1999 - Al Hirt, American trumpeter (b. 1922)

● 2000 - Vicki Sue Robinson, American singer (b. 1954)

● 2002 - George Alec Effinger, American author (b. 1947)

● 2002 - Ruth Handler, American toy manufacturer (b. 1916)

● 2002 - Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, Swiss industrialist and art collector (b. 1921)

● 2006 - Julia Thorne, ex-wife of John Kerry (b. 1944)

HOLIDAYS AND OBSERVANCES

● Roman Catholic:
● Nuestra Señora de Monserrat
● St. Adelelmus
● St. Asicus
● Sts. Castor & Stephen
● St. Enoder
● St. Floribert
● St. John of Constantinople
● St. Lawrence Huong
● St. Liberalis
● St. Mariana
● St. Peter Canisius, confessor/doctor/apostle of Germany
● St. Tertullian
● St. Theodore of Tabenna
● St. Theophilus
● St. Turibius of Mogrovejo, bishop/confessor
● St. Winewald
● St. Zita
● Bl. Peter Armengol

● Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar for April 14 (Civil Date: April 27)
● St. Martin the Confessor, pope of Rome.
● Martyrs Anthony, John and Eustathius of Vilna (Lithuania).
● Martyr Ardalion the Actor.
● Martyr Azat the Eunuch and 1,000 Martyrs of Persia.
● St. Christopher the Sabbaite.

● Greek Calendar:
● St. Cyriacius, Bishop of Jerusalem.
● St. Euthymius the Wonderworker.

● Catalonia: Montserrat's Day.

● Finland: Veterans' Day

● Slovenia: Day of Uprising Against Occupation.

● South Africa: Freedom day.

● Austria : 2nd Republic Day (1945)

● Sierra Leone-1961, Togo-1960 : Independence Day

● These Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
● Alabama, Florida, Mississippi: Confederate Memorial Day (1868) - (Monday)
● US-Utah: Arbor Day-plant a tree (1872) - (Friday)


Click on this LINK to see original Wikipedia list with many having links with details.

Additional facts taken from:

On this day in the New York Times

The BBC’s Take on the day

On This Day Website

Geov Parrish's this Day in Radical History, things that happened on this day that you never had to memorize in school.

Scope Systems Any Day Website

Roman Catholic Saint of the Day

Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar

Quotes of the Day taken from The Best Liberal Quotes Ever: Why the Left Is Right Compiled by William P. Martin ©2004

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