April 21......

April 21 is the 111th (112th in leap years) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 254 days remaining in the year on this date.

Best Liberal Quote of the Day: On Conservatives "A conservative young man has wound up his life before it was unreeled. We expect old men to be conservative, but when a nation's young men are so, its funeral bell is already rung." — Henry Ward Beecher

Stupidest Quote from the Right for the Day: On Corporate and Personal Greed "The point is that you can't be too greedy." — Donald Trump, in Trump: The Art of the Deal.

{Disclaimer: I have attempted to give credit to the many different sources that I get entries. Any failure to do so is unintentional. Any statement enclosed by brackets like these are the opinion of the blogger, A Proud Liberal.}

EVENTS

● 753 BC - Romulus and Remus founded Rome (traditional).

● 43 BC - Marcus Antonius was defeated by Octavian near Modena, Italy.

● 953 - Otto I the Great gives Utrecht fishing rights

● 1420 - Treaty of Saint Maartens Dike

● 1453 - Turkish fleet sinks ships Golden Receiver in Constantinople

● 1509 - Henry VIII ascends the throne of England (unofficially) at the death of his father, Henry VII

● 1519 - Cortes lands at Veracruz, Mexico. Through sheer bloodthirstiness (and the aid of European diseases) a few hundred Spaniards manage to conquer, loot, and enslave the millions of people in the Aztec empire.

● 1521 - Battle at Villalar Emperor Charles I beats Communards

● 1526 - Battle at Panipat Mogol Emperor Babur beats sultan Ibrahim Lodi

● 1572 - France & England sign anti-Spanish military covenant

● 1649 - The Toleration Act was passed by the Maryland Assembly. It protected Roman Catholics within the American colony against Protestant harassment, which had been rising as Oliver Cromwell's power in England increased.

● 1654 - England & Sweden sign trade agreement

● 1689 - William III & Mary Stuart proclaimed king & queen of England

● 1739 - Spain & Naples-Austria sign peace accord

● 1782 - The Presidio, overlooking San Francisco, was erected by the Spanish to subdue Indians interfering with mail transmissions along El Camino Real.

● 1783 - Birth of English churchman and hymnwriter Reginald Heber. Heber published his first hymn at 28, and among his best remembered today are: "Holy, Holy, Holy," "The Son of God Goes Forth to War" and "From Greenland's Icy Mountains."

● 1785 - Russian tsarina Catharina II ends noble privileges

● 1789 - John Adams sworn in as 1st US Vice President (9 days before Washington)

● 1792 - Tiradentes, a revolutionary who was leading a movement for Brazil's independence, is hanged and quartered.

● 1794 - NYC formally declares coast of Ellis Island publicly owned, so they can build forts to protect NYC from British

● 1816 - Charlotte Bronte, author of "Jane Eyre," was born in Thornton, England.

● 1828 - English churchman John Henry Newman wrote in a letter to his sister: 'May I be patient! It is so difficult to make real what one believes, and to make these trials, as they are intended, real blessings.'

● 1828 - Noah Webster publishes 1st American dictionary

● 1834 - 30,000 march for freedom of trade unionists transported to Australia from Tolpuddle, Britain.

● 1836 - Texas Revolution: Battle of San Jacinto – Republic of Texas forces under Sam Houston defeat troops under Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.

● 1838 - John Muir, the Scottish-born naturalist considered the father of the environmental movement, was born.

● 1856 - 1st railroad bridge across Mississippi River, Rock Island IL-Davenport IA

● 1857 - Alexander Douglas patents the bustle

● 1862 - Congress establishes US Mint in Denver CO

● 1863 - Bahá'u'lláh declares his mission as "He whom God shall make manifest". Considered the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.

● 1863 - Quantrill's Raiders launch a reprisal raid Lawrence, Kansas in the Battle of Lawrence, killing a number of civilians.

● 1865 - Abraham Lincoln's funeral train leaves Washington

● 1870 - Birth of Vladimir Lenin, patron saint of Fremont.

● 1878 - The ship Azor leaves Charleston with 206 blacks for Liberia

● 1878 - New York installs 1st firehouse pole

● 1878 - Leo XIII published the encyclical, "Inscrutabili dei consilio." It outlined a program of reconciling the Catholic Church with modern civilization, many of its details reversing policies of his predecessor, Pius IX.

● 1884 - Potters Field reopened as Madison Park

● 1892 - Black Longshoremen strike for higher wages in St Louis Mo

● 1894 - Norway formally adopts the Krag-Jørgensen rifle as the main arm of its armed forces, a weapon that would remain in service for almost 50 years.

● 1897 - Birth of A. W. Tozer, one of the most popular and influential pastors to come out of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Church. Tozer was also a prolific writer, and his best- known publications include "The Pursuit of God" (1948) and "The Root of Righteousness" (1955).

● 1898 - U.S. uses sinking of battleship Maine as rallying cry, declaring war on Spain in a (successful) attempt to acquire colonies attempting to win independence from Spain. The U.S. picked up, among other new properties, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in the deal, and used its new presence in the Pacific as an excuse for annexing the independent nation of Hawai'i later that year.

● 1898 - Malatesta and several other anarchists tried for "criminal conspiracy" arising from a two-day January general strike and riots in Ancine, Italy, following an increase in bread prices. Three thousand anarchists signed a declaration confessing to be of the same "crime." Public indignation was roused and the tribunal opted for a far lesser charge and six or seven months' prison for forming part not of a "criminal" but of a "seditious" or "subversive" society.

● 1908 - Frederick A Cook claims to reach North Pole (He didn't)

● 1910 - author Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 74, better known as Mark Twain, died in Redding, Conn. As with his birth, Halley's Comet was visible from Earth.

● 1913 - Three French anarchists, members of the Bonnet Gang, guillotined for their role in a Mar. 1912 attack in which two people were killed.

● 1913 - German passenger ship Imperator runs aground

● 1913 - Gideon Sundback of Sweden patents the zipper

● 1914 - U.S. forces seized Veracruz to prevent a German ship from delivering arms to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta, whom the U.S. did not recognize. One hundred twenty-six Mexicans were killed in the attack, and 195 were wounded, despite President Wilson's stated hope that the port could be captured "without bloodshed." The raid, authorized by the President without waiting for Congressional approval, brought the U.S. to the brink of war with Mexico.

● 1916 - Bill Carlisle, the infamous ‘last train robber,’ robbed a train in Hanna, WY.

● 1918 - World War I: German fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, known as "The Red Baron", is shot down and killed over Vaux sur Somme in France.

● 1921 - Police fire on striking miners in Butte, Mont.

● 1925 - Chuvash Autonomous Region in RSFSR becomes Chuvash ASSR

● 1930 - Fire (set as part of an escape attempt) at Ohio State Penitentiary kills 320

● 1935 - King Boris of Bulgaria forbids all political parties

● 1941 - Greece surrenders to Nazi-Germany

● 1943 - U.S. President Roosevelt announced that several Doolittle pilots had been executed by the Japanese.

● 1944 - Women in France receive the right to vote.

● 1945 - Death of peace artist Kathe Kollwitz, in Germany.

● 1945 - Allied troops occupy German nuclear laboratory

● 1945 - US 7th Army occupies Neurenberg

● 1945 - Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin; Russian troops capture some outlying suburbs of Berlin at the beginning of what promises to be a bitter battle for control of the city.

● 1945 - World War II: Soviet Union forces south of Berlin at Zossen attack the German High Command headquarters.

● 1946 - SED, Socialistic Einheitspartei Germany forms in East Germany

● 1948 - 1st Polaroid camera is sold in US

● 1952 - BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) begins 1st passenger service with jets (London-Rome route)

● 1952 - Secretary's Day (now Administrative Professionals' Day) is first celebrated.

● 1954 - Gregori Malenkov becomes premier of USSR

● 1954 - USAF flies French battalion to Vietnam

● 1955 - Fleet Street papers back after strike; National newspapers are published for the first time in nearly a month following the end of the maintenance workers' strike.

● 1955 - Minas Gerais Argentina tunnel caves in; 30 die

● 1957 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Fidei Donum

● 1959 - Alf Dean (using a rod and reel) hooks a 2,664lb, 16' 10" great white shark (largest fish ever caught on a rod)

● 1960 - Brasília, Brazil's capital, is officially inaugurated. At 9:30 am the Three Powers of the Republic are simultaneously transferred from the old capital, Rio de Janeiro.

● 1960 - Founding of the Orthodox Bahá'í Faith in Washington, DC.

● 1961 - French army revolts in Algeria

● 1961 - USAF Major Robert M White takes X-15 to an altitude of 32,000 meters

● 1961 - Dirk U Stikker chosen as Secretary-General of NATO

● 1963 - Dr Michael Ellis De Bakey performs 1st successful heart implant

● 1963 - The Universal House of Justice of the Bahá'í faith is elcted for the first time.

● 1966 - Rastafari movement: Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Jamaica, an event now celebrated as Grounation Day.

● 1967 - A few days before the general election in Greece, Colonel George Papadopoulos leads a coup d'état, establishing a military regime that lasts for seven years.

● 1967 - Svetlana Alliluyeva (Svetlana Stalina) defected in New York City. She was the daughter of Joseph Stalin.

● 1967 - CIA-assisted right wing coup deposes elected civilian government in Greece, instigating seven years of terror.

● 1971 - Original Codex Reguis (with Edda-liederen) returns to Iceland

● 1972 - Protesters in El Paso, Texas, pelt Gen. Westmoreland with tomatoes.

● 1972 - Alberta Indians end six month sit-in at Indian Affairs office in Edmonton.

● 1972 - John Young & Charles Duke explore Moon (Apollo 16)

● 1972 - Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 4 (Copernicus) launched

● 1975 - Vietnam War: President of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu flees Saigon, condemning the United States, as Xuan Loc, the last South Vietnamese outpost blocking a direct North Vietnamese assault on Saigon, falls. {Of course, his condemnation wasn't so strong as to prevent him from living in the US until his death.}

● 1976 - Swine Flu vaccine, for non-epidemic, enters testing

● 1976 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakhstan/Semipalitinsk USSR

● 1977 - Zia ur-Rahman appointed President of Bangladesh

● 1981 - US furnish $1 billion in arms to Saudi-Arabia

● 1982 - Dutch Queen Beatrice addresses US Congress

● 1983 - £1 coin introduced in United Kingdom

● 1984 - Centers for Disease Control says virus discovered in France causes AIDS

● 1985 - Manuel Ortega proposed a cease-fire for Nicaragua.

● 1985 - Bomb attack in NATO/AEG-Telefunken building in Brussels

● 1987 - Dow Jones Average soars 664.7; 2nd biggest one-day gain in history

● 1987 - The Tamil Tigers are blamed for a car bomb that explodes in the Sri Lankan capital of Colombo, killing 106 people.

● 1987 - Special occasion stamps were offered for the first time by the U.S. Postal Service. "Happy Birthday" and "Get Well" were among the first to be offered.

● 1989 - Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989: In Beijing, around 100,000 students gather in Tiananmen Square to commemorate Chinese reform leader Hu Yaobang.

● 1992 - Mobil Oil tug with 12,000 gallons of oil run aground in Arthur Kill

● 1992 - Robert Alton Harris became the first person executed by the state of California in 25 years. He was put to death for the 1978 murder of two teen-age boys.

● 1993 - Brazil votes against a monarchy

● 1994 - 'Guildford Four' man cleared of IRA murder; One of the Guildford Four, Paul Hill, has won his appeal against a conviction for an IRA murder in Northern Ireland.

● 1994 - Serbian army bombs distress clinic in Goradze Bosnia, 28 killed

● 1994 - The first discoveries of extrasolar planets are announced by astronomer Alexander Wolszczan.

● 1994 - Jackie Parker became the first woman to qualify to fly an F-16 combat plane.

● 1995 - FBI arrests Timothy McVeigh & charge him with Oklahoma City bombing

● 1997 - Ashes of Timothy Leary & Gene Roddenberry launched into orbit

● 1998 - Astronomers announced in Washington that they had discovered possible signs of a new family of planets orbiting a star 220 light-years away.

● 1999 - Greece - Navy officer sentenced to 30 months, suspended, for refusing to take part in NATO action against Yugoslavia.

● 2000 - In Sinking Spring, PA, a man chased his estranged girlfriend through town and then forced her car into the path of an oncoming train. The woman and her 3 passengers were killed.

● 2000 - North Carolina researchers announced that the heart of a 66 million-year-old dinosaur was more like a mammal or bird than that of a reptile.

● 2000 - The 1998 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act went into effect.

● 2001 - Sixty thousand or more dance, shout, and battle police on the streets of Quebec City, where 34 Western Hemisphere heads of state gathered to negotiate a NAFTA-style Free Trade Area of the Americas.

● 2002 - In the city of General Santos, 14 people were killed and 69 were injured in a bomb attack on a department store. The attack was blamed on Muslim extremists.

● 2003 - North and South Korea agreed to hold Cabinet-level talks the following week.

● 2004 - Five suicide attackers detonated car bombs against police buildings in Basra, Iraq, killing at least 74 people.

BIRTHS

● 1555 - Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1619)

● 1651 - Blessed Joseph Vaz, Apostle of Ceylon (d. 1711)

● 1652 - Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)

● 1671 - John Law, Scottish economist (d. 1729)

● 1713 - Louis, 4th duc de Noailles, Marshal of France (d. 1793)

● 1729 - Empress Catherine II of Russia (d. 1796)

● 1774 - Jean-Baptiste Biot, French physicist (d. 1862)

● 1775 - Alexander Anderson, American illustrator (d. 1870)

● 1782 - Friedrich Froebel, German educator and founder of the kindergarten (d. 1852)

● 1810 - John Putnam Chapin, American politician (d. 1864)

● 1811 - Alson Sherman, American politician (d. 1903)

● 1814 - Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906)

● 1816 - Charlotte Brontë, English author (d. 1855)

● 1818 - Josh Billings, American humorist and writer; popular after the Civil War (d. 1885)

● 1837 - Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician, Nobel laureate (d. 1922)

● 1838 - John Muir, American environmentalist (d. 1914)

● 1851 - Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)

● 1864 - Max Weber, German economist and sociologist (d. 1920)

● 1870 - Edwin S. Porter, American film pioneer (d. 1941)

● 1874 - Billy Bitzer, American motion-picture cameraman (d. 1944)

● 1879 - Kartini, Indonesian national figure (d. 1904)

● 1882 - Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1961)

● 1889 - G. Donald Harrison, English-born American organ designer and builder (d. 1956)

● 1889 - Paul Karrer, Swiss chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1971)

● 1899 - Randall Thompson, American composer of choral music (d. 1984)

● 1905 - Pat Brown, American politician (d. 1996)

● 1911 - Leonard Warren, American operatic baritone (d. 1960)

● 1911 - Ivan Combe, American inventor (d. 2000)

● 1912 - Marcel Camus, French film director (d. 1982)

● 1914 - Norman Panama, American screenwriter (d. 2003)

● 1915 - Anthony Quinn, Mexican-born actor (d. 2001)

● 1919 - Don Cornell, American singer (d. 2004)

● 1920 - Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (d. 1991)

● 1922 - Alistair MacLean, Scottish author (d. 1987)

● 1923 - John Mortimer, English barrister and writer

● 1926 - Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

● 1927 - Gerald Flood, British actor (d. 1989)

● 1930 - Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (d. 1989)

● 1932 - Elaine May, American comedian

● 1935 - Charles Grodin, American actor

● 1935 - Thomas Kean, former Governor of New Jersey and 9/11 Commission Chairman

● 1936 - James Dobson, American evangelist

● 1939 - Helen Prejean, American writer

● 1941 - David Boren, Former U.S. senator, D-Okla.

● 1947 - Iggy Pop, American musician (The Stooges)

● 1947 - John Weider, British rock musician (Eric Burdon and the Animals, Family)

● 1948 - Paul Davis, Singer, songwriter

● 1948 - Gary Condit, American politician

● 1949 - Patti Lupone, American singer and actress

● 1951 - Tony Danza, American actor and talk show host ("Taxi," "Who's the Boss?")

● 1951 - Michael Hartley Freedman, American mathematician

● 1951 - Steve Vickers, Canadian ice hockey player

● 1954 - James Morrison, American actor

● 1955 - Ebiet G. Ade, Indonesian singer

● 1956 - Phillip Longman, American demographer

● 1958 - Edward Leslie, American professional wrestler

● 1958 - Andie MacDowell, American actress

● 1958 - Michael S. Zarnock, American author/columnist/Guinness World Record Holder

● 1959 - Gene Callahan, American writer

● 1959 - Robert Smith, British musician (The Cure)

● 1959 - Jerry Only, American musician (The Misfits)

● 1959 - Michael Timmins, Canadian musician (Cowboy Junkies)

● 1960 - Michel Goulet, Canadian ice hockey player

● 1962 - Chris Ditchburn, British actor and TV presenter

● 1962 - Les Lancaster, American baseball player

● 1963 - Ken Caminiti, American baseball player (d. 2004)

● 1963 - Roy Dupuis, Canadian actor

● 1963 - John Cameron Mitchell, American actor ("Hedwig and the Angry Inch")

● 1964 - Ludmila Engquist, Russian-born Swedish athlete

● 1965 - Ed Belfour, Canadian ice hockey player

● 1965 - Karen Foster, American model (Playboy)

● 1966 - Michael Franti, American musician (Spearhead)

● 1969 - Robin Meade, American reporter

● 1970 - Rob Riggle, American comedian

● 1970 - Nicole Sullivan, American actress ("MadTV," "King of Queens")

● 1971 - Eric Mabius, American actor

● 1971 - Michael Turner, American comic book artist

● 1972 - Severina Vučković, Croatian singer

● 1977 - Jamie Salé, Canadian figure skater

● 1978 - Jukka Nevalainen, Finnish drummer (Nightwish)

● 1978 - Branden Steineckert, American drummer (Rancid, formerly of The Used)

● 1979 - James McAvoy, Actor

● 1980 - Vincent Lecavalier, Canadian hockey player

● 1981 - Stephanie Larimore, American model

● 1982 - Carnell "Cadillac" Williams, American football player

● 1983 - Paweł Brożek, Polish footballer

● 1984 - Eric Devendorf, American basketball player

● 1986 - Alexander Edler, Swedish hockey player

● 1988 - Pedro Mosquera, Spanish footballer

● 1988 - Robbie Amell, Canadian actor

DEATHS

● 748 - Empress Genshō of Japan (b. 680)

● 1073 - Pope Alexander II

● 1109 - Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury

● 1142 - Pierre Abélard, French writer (b. 1079)

● 1329 - Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1282)

● 1509 - King Henry VII of England (b. 1457)

● 1551 - Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)

● 1557 - Petrus Apianus, German mathematician (b. 1495)

● 1574 - Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1519)

● 1699 - Jean Racine, French dramatist (b. 1639)

● 1701 - Asano Naganori, Japanese warlord (b. 1667)

● 1719 - Philippe de la Hire, French mathematician and historian (b. 1640)

● 1720 - Antoine Hamilton, French writer (b. 1646)

● 1722 - Robert Beverley, Jr., historian of Colonial Virginia (b. 1673)

● 1792 - Tiradentes, Brazilian revolutionary (b. 1746)

● 1793 - John Michell, English seismologist (b. 1724)

● 1815 - Joseph Winston, U.S. Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1746)

● 1825 - Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathemattician (b. 1765)

● 1852 - Ivan Nabokov, Russian general (b. 1787)

● 1868 - Henry James O'Farrell, Australian would-be assassin of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (hanged)

● 1910 - Mark Twain, American author and humorist (b. 1835)

● 1918 - Manfred von Richthofen, German pilot (b. 1892)

● 1924 - Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (b. 1858)

● 1930 - Robert Bridges, English poet (b. 1844)

● 1938 - Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher and poet (b. 1877)

● 1945 - Walter Model, German field marshal (b. 1891)

● 1946 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (b. 1883)

● 1956 - Charles MacArthur, American writer (b. 1895)

● 1965 - Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)

● 1971 - François "Papa Doc" Duvalier, Haitian dictator (b. 1907)

● 1973 - Arthur Fadden, thirteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)

● 1977 - Gummo Marx, American actor and comedian (b. 1892)

● 1978 - Sandy Denny, British vocalist (b. 1947)

● 1978 - Thomas Wyatt Turner, American civil rights advocate and agricultural engineer (b. 1877)

● 1980 - Aleksandr Oparin, Russian biochemist (b. 1894)

● 1983 - Walter Slezak, Austrian actor (b. 1902)

● 1985 - Rudi Gernreich, Austrian fashion designer (b. 1922)

● 1985 - Tancredo de Almeida Neves, Brazil banker and elected president (b. 1910)

● 1989 - Princess Dukhye of Korea (b. 1912)

● 1990 - Erté, French artist (b. 1892)

● 1991 - Willi Boskovsky, Austrian violinist and conductor (b. 1909)

● 1996 - Dzhokhar Dudaev, Chechen leader (b. 1944)

● 1996 - Jimmy the Greek, American bookie and sports broadcaster (b. 1919)

● 1999 - Charles 'Buddy' Rogers, American actor and musician (b. 1904)

● 2000 - Neal Matthews, Jr., American singer (b. 1929)

● 2003 - Nina Simone, American singer and pianist (b. 1933)

● 2004 - Mary McGrory, American journalist (b. 1918)

● 2005 - Gerry Marshall, British racing driver (b. 1941)

● 2006 - Telê Santana, Brazilian football manager (b. 1931)

HOLIDAYS AND OBSERVANCES

● Roman Catholic:
● St. Anastasius XI
● St. Anastasius the Sinaite
● St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury
● St. Apollo and Companions
● St. Arator
● St. Beuno
● St. Froduiphus
● St. Konrad von Parzham
● St. Maximian of Constantinople
● St. Wolbodo

● Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar for April 8 (Civil Date: April 21)
● Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Herodion, Agabus, Asyncritus, Rufus, Phlegon, Hermes, and those with them.
● St. Celestine, pope of Rome.
● Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace.
● St. Niphont, Bishop of Novgorod.
● St. Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Caves.
● New-Martyr John Naukliros ("the Skipper") in Thessaly.
● Iberian ("Spanish") Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos.
● Repose of Righteous Helen Voronova, disciple of Elder Barsanuphius of Optina (1916).

● Lutheran and Anglican:
● St. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, confessor/doctor

● Bahá'í Faith - First day of the festival of Ridván.

● Denmark : Common Prayer

● Ancient Rome : Parilia, honoring Pales, protector of flocks & herds

● Rome - city birthday.

● Grounation Day in Rastafari movement.

● Belize, Hong Kong : Queen's Birthday

● Brazil : Tiradentes Day/Día de Tiradentes/Brasilia Day (1789, 1960)

● Indonesia : Kartini Day

● Israel : Deliverance from Egypt

● Taiwan : Death of Chiang Kai-shek/Tomb Sweeping Day (non leap years)

● Texas : San Jacinto Day (1836)

● This Holiday is only applicable on a given "day of the week"
● Massachusetts, Maine: Patriots Day-Boston Marathon run (1775) - (Monday)

IN FICTION

● 1600 - 1st date in James Clavell's novel Shogun (OS)


Click on this LINK to see original Wikipedia list with many having links with details.

Additional facts taken from:

On this day in the New York Times

The BBC’s Take on the day

On This Day Website

Geov Parrish's this Day in Radical History, things that happened on this day that you never had to memorize in school.

Scope Systems Any Day Website

Roman Catholic Saint of the Day

Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar

Quotes of the Day taken from "The Best Liberal Quotes Ever: Why the Left Is Right" Compiled by William P. Martin 2004

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